Chapter 7

Miguel Chavez


Silk Road

  • The Eurasian landmass has long been home to the majority of humankind as well as to the worlds most productive agriculture, largest civilizations, and greets concentration of pastoral peoples.
  • The beginnings of the Silk Roads lay in both geography and history
  • Eurasia is foten dividend into inner and outer zones that represent quite different environments. 
  • The constructions of the second wave civilizations and their imperial states during the past five centuries BCE added another element to these earlier Eurasian connections. 
  • Alexander the Great empire stretched well into Central Asia 
  • Silk Road trading networks prospered most when large and powerful states provided security for merchants and travelers. 
  • During prosperous time especially, a vast array of goods made its way across the Silk Road, often carried in large camel caravans that traversed the harsh and dangerous steppes, deserts, and oases of Central Asia. 
  • Silk came to symbolize this Eurasian network of exchange. 
  • Compared to contemporary global commerce, the volume of trade on the Silk Roads was modest, and its focus on luxury goods limited its direct impact on most people. 
  • Most important even than the economic impact of the Silk Roads was their role as conduit of culture. Buddhism in particular, a cultural product of Indian Civilization, spread widely throughout Central and East Asia, owing much to the activities of merchants along the silk Road. 
  • As Buddhism spread across the Silk Roads from India to Central Asia, China, and beyond, it also changed
  • The original faith had shunned the material world, but Buddhist monasteries in the rich oasis towns of the elsie roads found themselves very much involved in secular affairs. 
  • Diseases too traveled the trade routes of Eurasia and with devastating consequences.
  • The epidemics that followed often brought suffering and death on an enormous scale to rich and poor alike.
Sea Roads:
  • If the Silk Roads like dEurasian societies by lad, sea based trade routes like wise connected distant peoples all across the Eastern hemisphere. 
  • Phoenicians Greeks and Romans
  • The Mediterranean Sea had been an Avenue of wartime commerce throughout the region, a pattern that continued during the third wave era. 
  • The Indian Ocean represented the worlds largest sea based system of communication and exchanged, stretching from souther China to easter Africa. 
  • Monsoons, alternating win currents that blew predictably northeast during the summer month and southwest during the winter.
  • Indian Ocean operated rather across an :archipelago of towns" whose merchants often had more in common with one another than with the people of there own hinterlands. 
  • The ancient Egyptians and later the Phoenicians likewise traded down the Red Sea, exchanging their manufacture goods for gold, ivory frankincense and slaves from the coasts of Ethiopia, Somalia and souther Arabia. 
  • The tempo of Indian Ocean commerce picked up in the era of second-wave civilizations during the early centuries of the Common Era, as mariners learned how to ride the monsoons. 
  • Oceanic commerce transformed all of its participants in one way or another but nowhere more so than in Southeast Asia and East Africa at opposite ends of the Indian Ocean network.
  • Local people were attracted to foreign religious ideas.
  • Mediterranean basin- ceramics, glassware, wine, gold, olive oil
  • East Africa- ivory, gold, iron goods slaves tortoiseshells, quartz leopard skins
  • Arabia- Frankincense myrrh perfumes
  • India- Grain ivory precious stones cotton pieces timber 
  • Southeast Asia- Tin sandalwood cloves nutmeg mace
  • China silks porcelain tea
Sand Road
  • North Africa and the Mediterranean world
  • Gold Sak and Slaves were the main items traded
  • Camel became the most important and major turning point in Africa
  • Camel could transport more items and does not need water for long
  • Southeast Asia and East Africa, this long distance trade across the Sahara provided both incentives and resources for the construction of new and larger political structure. 
  • This growing integration with he world of international commerce generated the social complexity and hierarchy characteristic of all civilization Royal families and elites classes, mercantile and artisan groups, military and religious officials, free peasants and slaves
  • People need travers to take them from one side to another point in the Sahara
  • These states of Sudan Africa developed substantial urban and commercial centers such as Morumbi Saleh Jenne- were traders congregated and goods were exchanged. 

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