Chapter 2

Miguel Chavez
World History
Chapter 2

• The earliest of these civilization emerged around 3500 BCE to 3000 BCE in three places. One was the cradle of Middle Eastern Civilization, expressed in the many and competing city states of Sumer in Southern Mesopotamia. 
• Sumerians civilization like gave rise to the worlds earliest written language which was used initially by officials to record the goods received by various temples. 
• In northeastern Africa witnessed the mergence of Egyptian civilization famous for its pharaohs and pyramids, as well as a separate civilization known as Nubia, farther south along the Nile. 
• Recently discovered a third civilization that was developing along the central coast of Peru from roughly 3000 BCE to 1800 BCE at about the same time as Egypt and Sumer. 
• Norte Chico, 3000-1800 BCE
• Indus Valley and Oxus, 2200 BCE-1700 BCE
• Xia, Shang and Zhou 2200-711BCE
• Olmec, 1200 BCE
• The development of Agriculture. Agricultural Revolution 
• Some historians have emphasized the need to organize large scale irrigation projects as a stimulus for the earliest civilization, but archeologists have found that the more complex water control systems appeared log after states and civilizations had already been established. 
• Agricultural Revolution caused: Growing population density, competition, and subordination
• Uruk the largest Mesopotamia's city. Had 50,000 peopled, walls more than twenty feet tall.
• Mohenjo Daro flourished along the banks of the Indus River around 2000 BCE
• Teotihuacan located in the Central Valley of Mexico. Had a population of 200,000 people
• These cities were the center of politics, administration, culture and economics
• Impersonal and unequal 
• Wealth status and power was not equal or close to equal 
• Urbanization had a huge impact.
• The elites had the power and were privileged
• Slaves started to become a huge thing
• Sex describes the obvious biological differences between males and females.
• To be gendered as masculine or medicine defines the roles and behavior considered appropriate for men and woman I every human community. 
• Sex versus gender.
• Patriarchal ideal regarded men as superior to women and sons preferable to daugheters
• Men had legal and property rights unknown to most women.
• Patriarchal ideal versus reality
• Farm labor warfare and property
• A wife caught sleeping with another man might be drowned at her husbands discretion, whereas he was permitted to enjoy sexual relations with his female servants, though not with another mans wife. 
• Divorce was far easier for husband than for the wife. 
• Under an Assyrian law code that was in effect between the fifteenth and eleventh centuries BCE, respectable women, those under the protection and sexual control of one man, were required to be veiled when outside the home, wheres non respectable women, such as slaves and prostitutes, were forbidden to wear veils and were subjected to server punishment if they presumed to cover their heads. 
• Goddesses were not shown as much as appreciation as before
• The need for organization became key to a prosperous country
• Monopoly on the legitimate use of violence
• religion and political power
• For Egyptians, a scribe earned a kind of immortality through his writing for it persisted long after his death. 
• Because it can be learned, writing also provided a means for some commoners to join the charmed circle of the literate. 
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